Cooperación y asignación de autoridad en la Unión Europea
Palabras clave:
Integración europea, Atribución de competencias, Negociación, Crisis, Finanzas digitalesResumen
La integración europea genera diversas combinaciones de normas comunes, administración nacional y toma de decisiones supranacional dentro de un mismo ámbito sectorial. El presente artículo examina qué factores explican la variación en la asignación de la autoridad regulatoria y de supervisión entre las instituciones nacionales y europeas. Para ello, revisa la literatura sobre delegación, institucionalismo histórico y negociación a fin de distinguir la viabilidad de un arreglo institucional de las condiciones bajo las cuales los actores lo aceptan. La interdependencia de autoridad sirve como un concepto organizativo provisional para aquellas relaciones en las que el valor político y la eficacia práctica de una facultad de gobierno dependen del control sobre funciones conectadas. El análisis examina cómo las competencias retenidas y las salvaguardias pueden hacer aceptables las transferencias, al tiempo que preserva las restricciones jurídicas, la pericia técnica y el aprendizaje profesional como explicaciones alternativas. A continuación, examina las crisis agudas y las presiones anticipatorias como condiciones superpuestas que pueden alterar los costes de demora, las expectativas y los compromisos aceptables. Las finanzas digitales ilustran la relevancia de estas relaciones a través de las responsabilidades de supervisión diferenciadas que establecen el Reglamento sobre los mercados de criptoactivos y el Reglamento sobre la resiliencia operativa digital. La contribución principal es precisar la cuestión de la asignación al nivel de las funciones conectadas, en lugar de inferir la centralización a partir de normas comunes o de la participación institucional europea. Determinar si ciertos controles funcionan como compensaciones negociadas sigue siendo una pregunta empírica que requiere evidencia más allá del diseño institucional final.
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