El ascenso de la derecha radical en Hungría: Un análisis de sus causas, políticas y efectos en el multilateralismo europeo

Autores/as

  • Luis Ángel Palomino Rojas Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP) Autor/a

Palabras clave:

Derecha radical, Hungría, Democracia iliberal, Nacionalismo, Unión Europea

Resumen

El presente artículo analiza el ascenso de la derecha radical en Hungría, liderada por Viktor Orbán y su partido Fidesz, en un contexto de crisis económica, migratoria y de creciente nacionalismo. Se examinan las causas políticas, económicas y sociales que han favorecido la emergencia de un discurso populista, euroescéptico e iliberal que cuestiona los principios democráticos tradicionales y rechaza la Unión Europea. La implementación de políticas públicas restrictivas en relación con los derechos humanos, la justicia y la libertad de prensa, junto con una postura firme contra la migración y las influencias externas, ha transformado el panorama político y social del país. Estas acciones han tenido un impacto considerable en el multilateralismo europeo, generando tensiones con la Unión Europea y debilitando los valores de cooperación y solidaridad dentro del bloque. El análisis revela que el resurgimiento del nacionalismo en Hungría y la adopción del modelo de democracia iliberal actúan como mecanismos de consolidación del poder y de resistencia frente a las presiones externas consideradas por Orbán. En conjunto, el estudio contribuye a comprender las dinámicas que impulsan la expansión de la derecha radical en Hungría y sus repercusiones en el sistema multilateral europeo.

Descargas

Los datos de descarga aún no están disponibles.

Biografía del autor/a

  • Luis Ángel Palomino Rojas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP)

    Estudiante de Relaciones Internacionales en la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP). Actualmente se desempeña como Business Development Consultant en Dcobys.

Referencias

Agoston, G. (2024). Playing on distance: a relational rhetorical analysis of Viktor Orbán's Euroscepticism. East European Politics, 40(2), 256-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2023.2261129.

Amnistía Internacional (13 de junio de 2017). Hungría: Ley sobre ONG, un ataque despiadado y calculado contra la sociedad civil. https://www.amnesty.org/es/latest/press-release/2017/06/hungary-ngo-law-a-vicious-and-calculated-assault-on-civil-society/.

Antón Mellón, J., y Hernández-Carr, A. (2016). El crecimiento electoral de la derecha radical populista en Europa: parámetros ideológicos y motivaciones sociales. Política y Sociedad, 1(53), 17-28. http://hdl.handle.net/2445/107688.

Antón Mellón, J., y Boado, I. S. (2023). La teoría política de la derecha radical. Revista de Estudios Globales. Análisis histórico y cambio social, 2(4), 61-99 https://doi.org/10.6018/reg.559591.

Bajomi-Lázár, P. (2019). An anti-migration campaign and its impact on public opinion: The Hungarian case. European Journal of Communication, 34(6), 619-628. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323119886152.

Benedek, I. (2024). Transforming the political public sphere: the media system of the Orbán regime in Hungary. Partecipazione e Conflitto, 17(2), 469-489. https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v17i2p469.

Benková, L. (2019). Hungary-Orbán’s Project towards “illiberal democracy”. AIES Fokus, 2, 1-4. https://www.aies.at/download/2019/AIES-Fokus-2019-02.pdf.

Bíró-Nagy, A. (2017). Illiberal democracy in Hungary: The social background and practical steps of building an illiberal state. En P. Morillas I Bassedas (coord.), Illiberal democracies in the EU: The Visegrad Group and the risk of disintegration (pp. 31-44). Monografías CIDOB. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30792-8_4.

Bocskor, Á. (2018). Anti-immigration discourses in Hungary during the ‘Crisis’ year: The Orbán government’s ‘National Consultation’ Campaign of 2015. Sociology, 52(3), 551-568. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038518762081.

Brunning, A. (18 de abril de 2017). Hungary’s “Let’s Stop Brussels” campaign: Propaganda and xenophobia masquerading as consultation. Medium. https://medium.com/@ndbrning/hungarys-let-s-stop-brussels-campaign-propaganda-and-xenophobia-masquerading-as-consultation-4b4181116c5e.

Buštíková, L. (2018). The Radical Right in Eastern Europe. En J. Rydgren (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right (pp. 565-581). Oxford Handbooks. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.28.

Clinch, M (3 de abril de 2022). Nationalist Viktor Orban declares victory in Hungary election. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/03/hungary-election-prime-minister-viktor-orban-and-fidesz-in-nationwide-vote.html.

Consejo Europeo (s/f). Cronología: el artículo 7 hasta el momento. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/es/policies/article-7-procedures/timeline-the-story-of-article-7/.

Csanyi, P., & Kucharčík, R. (2023). Central European leaders’ attitudes towards the migration and the migration crisis. J. Compar. Pol, 16, 20-37. https://www.magyc.uliege.be/upload/docs/application/pdf/2023-05/paper_3_euba-csanyi-kucharcik_v1.pdf.

Deák, A., Szabo, J., y Weiner, C. (2024). Russia's gas weapon in Central and Eastern Europe: Diverging responses from three friendly states. En M. Mišík y A. Figulová (Eds.), EU Energy and Climate Policy after COVID-19 and the Invasion of Ukraine (pp. 119-137). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781032624839-9/russia-gas-weapon-central-eastern-europe-andr%C3%A1s-de%C3%A1k-john-szabo-csaba-weiner.

Deutsche Welle. (15 de diciembre de 2023). Hungría bloquea ayuda a Ucrania por 50.000 millones de euros. https://www.dw.com/es/hungr%C3%ADa-bloquea-ayuda-a-ucrania-por-50000-millones-de-euros/a-67726955.

Düvell, F. (2011). Paths into Irregularity: The Legal and Political Construction of Irregular Migration. European Journal of Migration and Law, 13(3), 275-295. https://doi.org/10.1163/157181611X587856.

Éltető, A., y Szemlér, T. (2023). Hungary in the European Union–cooperation, peacock dance and autocracy. Comparative Southeast European Studies, 71(3), 272-299. https://doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2022-0051.

Fekete, L. (2016). Hungary: power, punishment and the ‘Christian-national idea’. Race & Class, 57(4), 39-53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396815624607.

Furedi, F. (2017). Populism and the European Culture Wars: The Conflict of Values between Hungary and the EU. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315104898.

Garding, S. E., Ratner, M., Welt, C., y Zanotti, J. (2021). TurkStream: Russia's Newest Gas Pipeline to Europe. Current Politics and Economics of Russia, Eastern and Central Europe, 36(4), 591-597.

Gárdos-Orosz, F., y Szente, Z. (2024). The role of populist NGOs in building a populist democracy in Hungary. International Journal of Law in Context, 20(3), 346-359. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744552324000259.

Gáspár, T., Sass, M., Koppány, K., y Bi, S. (2023). Foreign trade relations of Hungary with China: A global value chain perspective. Society and Economy, 45(3), 229-249. https://doi.org/10.1556/204.2023.00018.

Gawron-Tabor, K. (2016). Viktor Orban’s illiberal democracy in the indices of the quality of democracy. Kultura i Edukacja, 114(4), 46-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/kie.2016.04.03.

Glied, V., y Pap, N. (2016). The ‘Christian fortress of Hungary’–The anatomy of the migration crisis in Hungary. Yearbook of Polish European Studies, (19), 133-149. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=573984.

González Cámara, N. (2010). De indeseables a Ilegales: una aproximación a la irregularidad migratoria. Arbor, 186(744), 671-687. https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2010.744n1225.

Greilinger, G. (2023). Hungary’s Eastern Opening Policy as a Long-Term Political-Economic Strategy. Austria institute fur Europa–und sicheheitspolitik. AIES Fokus, 4, 1-5. https://www.aies.at/download/2023/AIES-Fokus-2023-04.pdf.

Guibernau, M. (2010). Migration and the rise of the radical right. Policy network, 1, 1-19. https://esquerraeuropea.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/migrationandradicalright.pdf.

GulácsiI, G., y Kerényi, Á. (2023). Hungary and the European Union: the drift towards disintegration. Perspectives on Federalism, 15(1-2), 1-53. https://real.mtak.hu/185600/.

Haitas, D. (2018). Aspects of Hungary-Russia Energy Relations in the Context of European Union Law. Jura: A Pecsi Tudomanyegyetem Allam-es Jogtudomanyi Karanak Tudomanyos Lapja, 368-377.

Hanebrink, P. (2024). The whiteness of ‘Christian Europe’: The case of Hungary. En Off white: Central and Eastern Europe and the Global History of Race (pp. 215-235). Manchester University Press.

Héjj, D. (2022). The Paks nuclear power plant and Hungary's attitude to the European Green Deal. En M. Ruszel y A. Witkowska (Eds.), Polish-Hungarian Cooperation for Energy Security in the context of Energy Transition and Economy Competitiveness, (pp. 68-85). Ignacy Lukasiewicz Institute for Energy Policy. https://www.instytutpe.pl/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Ebook-Polish-Hungarian-Cooperation-for-Energy-Security-in-the-context-of-Energy-Transition-and-Economy-Competitiveness1.pdf#page=69.

Hungarian Government (26 de julio de 2014). Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s Speech at

the 25th Bálványos Summer Free University and Student Camp. https://2015-

2019.kormany.hu/en/the-prime-minister/the-prime-minister-s-speeches/primeminister-

viktor-orban-s-speech-at-the-25th-balvanyos-summer-free-universityand-

student-camp.

Ilikova, L., y Tushev, A. (2020). Right-Wing Populism in Central Europe: Hungarian

Case (Fidesz, Jobbik). Utopía y praxis Latinoamericana, 25(12), 325-332.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4280161.

Ilonszki, G., y Jáger, K. (2013). Hungary: Changing government advantages–challenging

a dominant executive. En B. E. Rasch y G. Tsebelis (Eds.) The Role of

Governments in Legislative Agenda Setting (pp. 95-110). Routledge.

https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203837429-

6/hungary-gabriella-ilonszki-krisztina-j%C3%A1ger.

Juhász, A., Hunyadi, B., y Zgut, E. (2015). Focus on Hungary: Refugees, Asylum and

Migration. Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung. https://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/2015-

focus-on-hungary_refugees_asylum_migration.pdf.

Kim, S. (2023). ‘Illiberal Democracy’ after Post‐Democracy: Revisiting the Case of

Hungary. The Political Quarterly, 94(3), 437-444. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-

923X.13255.

Lasonczi, M. (22 de abril de 2024). Viktor Orbán’s Speech on Illegal Immigration Goes

Viral on X. Hungarian Conservative.

https://www.hungarianconservative.com/articles/current/viktor-orban_illegalimmigration_

speech_natcon_2024_viral_x_twitter/.

Lutz, P. (2018). Variation in policy success: radical right populism and migration policy.

West European Politics, 42(3), 517–544.

https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2018.1504509.

Magalhães, P. C., y Garoupa, N. (2024). Populist governments, judicial independence,

and public trust in the courts. Journal of European Public Policy, 31(9), 2748-

2774. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2023.2235386.

Magyar Nemzet (15 de noviembre de 2025) Viktor Orban Beats Peter Magyar in

Popularity. https://magyarnemzet.hu/english/2025/11/viktor-orban-beats-petermagyar-

in-popularity.

Miller, N. (19 de marzo de 2019). 'The Great Replacement': an idea now at the heart of

Europe's politics. The Sydney Morning Herald.

https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/the-great-replacement-the-racist-ideanow-

at-the-heart-of-europe-s-politics-20190319-p515cc.html.

Minkenberg, M. (2017). The radical right in Eastern Europe: Democracy under siege?

Springer.

Moldicz, C. (2023). Hungary political briefing: Migration policy in Hungary. China-CEE

Institute, 67(1). https://china-cee.eu/wpcontent/

uploads/2023/12/2023p11_Hungary.pdf.

Molnár, G. (2023). Nationalism and sport intersection in Hungary: building fences,

expanding nationhood. National Identities, 25(4), 305–322.

https://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2023.2188584.

Muis, J., & Immerzeel, T. (2017). Causes and consequences of the rise of populist radical

right parties and movements in Europe. Current Sociology, 65(6), 909-930.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392117717294.

Müller, P., Slominski, P. (2024). Hungary, the EU and Russia’s War Against Ukraine: The

Changing Dynamics of EU Foreign Policymaking. En C. Wiesner y M. Knodt

(Eds.), The War Against Ukraine and the EU. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35040-5_6.

Mundy, J. (2023). The Power of the Press: State Capture of the Media in Poland and

Hungary Since 2010. The Journal of Foreign Affairs at Carolina, 8(2), 8-17.

https://doi.org/10.17615/5pk5-a152.

Neumann, E. (2023). Education for a Christian nation: Religion and nationalism in the

Hungarian education policy discourse. European Educational Research Journal,

22(5), 646-665. https://doi.org/10.1177/14749041211072691.

Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. F. (2012). Muslim Integration into Western Cultures: Between

Origins and Destinations. Political Studies, 60(2), 228-251.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00951.x.

Oleinikova, O. (2023). New Eastern European Migration to Australia: From Czech

Republic, Hungary and Ukraine to Sydney and Beyond. Springer Nature.

Oxford Analytica. (2023). Hungary’s ties with Russia and China bring nothing new.

Expert Briefings. https://doi.org/10.1108/OXAN-ES282866.

Prokopijević, M. (2010). Euro Crisis. Panoeconomicus, 57(3), 369–384.

https://doi.org/10.2298/PAN1003369P.

Pytlas, B. (2013). Radical-right narratives in Slovakia and Hungary: historical legacies,

mythic overlaying and contemporary politics. Patterns of Prejudice, 47(2), 162–

183. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2013.786199.

Reményi, P., Glied, V., y Pap, N. (2023). Good and Bad migrants in Hungary. The populist

story and the reality in Hungarian migration policy. Social Policy Issues, 59(4),

323-344. https://doi.org/10.31971/pps/162003.

Rodrik, D. (2021). Why does globalization fuel populism? Economics, culture, and the

rise of right-wing populism. Annual Review of Economics, 13(1), 133-170.

https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-070220-032416.

Rohac, D. (2023). Transitions, populism, and democratic decline: Evidence from

Hungary and the Czech Republic. European Politics and Society, 24(2), 169-187.

https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2021.1973213.

Rubin, S. (2021). Anti-Democratic Politics in Hungary: Viktor Orbán and “Illiberal

Democracy”. Scrowcroft Institute of International Affairs, (20). 1-20.

https://bush.tamu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Suleiman-Paper-No.-20.pdf.

Sata, R. (2023). Performing crisis to create your enemy: Europe vs. the EU in Hungarian

populist discourse. Frontiers in Political Science, 5.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2023.1032470.

Scheppele, K. L., Kochenov, D. V., y Grabowska-Moroz, B. (2020). EU values are Law,

after All: Enforcing EU Values through Systemic Infringement Actions by the

European Commission and the Member States of the European Union. Yearbook

of European Law, 39, 3-121. https://doi.org/10.1093/yel/yeaa012.

Szabó, A., y Mikecz, D. (2015). After the Orbán-revolution: the awakening of civil

society in Hungary. En G. Pleyers y I. N. Sava (Eds.), Social Movements in

Central and Eastern Europe: A renewal of protests and democracy (pp. 34-43).

Editura Universității din București.

Swissinfo (28 de noviembre de 2025). Orbán le dice a Putin que la seguridad energética

de Hungría depende de suministros rusos.

https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/orb%C3%A1n-le-dice-a-putin-que-la-seguridadenerg%

C3%A9tica-de-hungr%C3%ADa-depende-de-suministrosrusos/

90546283.

Szalai, A., y Gőbl, G. (2015). Securitizing migration in contemporary Hungary. CEU

Center for EU Enlargement Studies.

https://cens.ceu.edu/sites/cens.ceu.edu/files/attachment/event/573/szalaigoblmigrationpaper.

final.pdf.

Thomázy, G. (2025). Las reformas políticas en Hungría (2010-2024): impactos en la

democracia húngara. Política y Sociedad, 62(2).

https://dx.doi.org/10.5209/poso.99152.

Timmer, A. D., y Docka-Filipek D, D. (2018). Enemies of the nation: Understanding the

Hungarian State’s relationship to humanitarian NGOs. Journal of International

and Global Studies, 9(2), 40-57. https://doi.org/10.62608/2158-0669.1401.

Toomey, M. (2018). History, nationalism and democracy: myth and narrative in Viktor

Orbán's ‘Illiberal Hungary’. New Perspectives, 26(1), 87-108.

https://doi.org/10.1177/2336825X1802600110.

Tribunal de Justicia de la UE (2025). El Tribunal de Justicia anula la Decisión de la

Comisión por la que se aprobó la ayuda de Hungría a la central nuclear Paks II

(Comunicado de Prensa n.º 116/25). https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2025-

09/cp250116es.pdf.

Tyszka, F. (2024). No Worries for Fidesz After All These Years? Domestic and

International Opposition to Governing Populists in Hungary. En A. K. Bourne

(Ed.), Democratic Defence as Normal Politics (pp. 123-146). Palgrave

Macmillan, Cham. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-60483-

6_5.

Végh, Z. (2015). Hungary’s “Eastern Opening” policy toward Russia: ties that bind?

International issues & Slovak foreign policy Affairs, 24(01-02), 47-65.

https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=298726.

Wagner, F., y Enyedi, Z. (2024). They can do it. Positive Authoritarianism in Poland and

Hungary. Frontiers in Political Science, 6.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2024.1390587.

Walter, S. (2021). The Backlash Against Globalization. Annual Review of Political

Science, 24(1), 421-442. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102405.

Wang, X. (2023). Is China's rising presence in Hungary since 2012 impacting on

Hungary's relations with the EU? Australian and New Zealand Journal of

European Studies, 15(1), 47-63.

https://doi.org/10.30722/anzjes.vol15.iss1.17365.

Zakaria, F. (1997). The rise of illiberal democracy. Foreign Affairs, 76 (6), 22-43.

https://msuweb.montclair.edu/~lebelp/fzakariailliberaldemocracy1997.pdf.

Descargas

Publicado

2026-02-23

Cómo citar

El ascenso de la derecha radical en Hungría: Un análisis de sus causas, políticas y efectos en el multilateralismo europeo. (2026). Homo Internationalis Revista de Jóvenes Internacionalistas, 1(1), 81-108. https://revista.homointernationalis.com/index.php/hi/article/view/5