El ascenso de la derecha radical en Hungría: Un análisis de sus causas, políticas y efectos en el multilateralismo europeo
Palabras clave:
Derecha radical, Hungría, Democracia iliberal, Nacionalismo, Unión EuropeaResumen
El presente artículo analiza el ascenso de la derecha radical en Hungría, liderada por Viktor Orbán y su partido Fidesz, en un contexto de crisis económica, migratoria y de creciente nacionalismo. Se examinan las causas políticas, económicas y sociales que han favorecido la emergencia de un discurso populista, euroescéptico e iliberal que cuestiona los principios democráticos tradicionales y rechaza la Unión Europea. La implementación de políticas públicas restrictivas en relación con los derechos humanos, la justicia y la libertad de prensa, junto con una postura firme contra la migración y las influencias externas, ha transformado el panorama político y social del país. Estas acciones han tenido un impacto considerable en el multilateralismo europeo, generando tensiones con la Unión Europea y debilitando los valores de cooperación y solidaridad dentro del bloque. El análisis revela que el resurgimiento del nacionalismo en Hungría y la adopción del modelo de democracia iliberal actúan como mecanismos de consolidación del poder y de resistencia frente a las presiones externas consideradas por Orbán. En conjunto, el estudio contribuye a comprender las dinámicas que impulsan la expansión de la derecha radical en Hungría y sus repercusiones en el sistema multilateral europeo.
Descargas
Referencias
Agoston, G. (2024). Playing on distance: a relational rhetorical analysis of Viktor Orbán's Euroscepticism. East European Politics, 40(2), 256-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2023.2261129.
Amnistía Internacional (13 de junio de 2017). Hungría: Ley sobre ONG, un ataque despiadado y calculado contra la sociedad civil. https://www.amnesty.org/es/latest/press-release/2017/06/hungary-ngo-law-a-vicious-and-calculated-assault-on-civil-society/.
Antón Mellón, J., y Hernández-Carr, A. (2016). El crecimiento electoral de la derecha radical populista en Europa: parámetros ideológicos y motivaciones sociales. Política y Sociedad, 1(53), 17-28. http://hdl.handle.net/2445/107688.
Antón Mellón, J., y Boado, I. S. (2023). La teoría política de la derecha radical. Revista de Estudios Globales. Análisis histórico y cambio social, 2(4), 61-99 https://doi.org/10.6018/reg.559591.
Bajomi-Lázár, P. (2019). An anti-migration campaign and its impact on public opinion: The Hungarian case. European Journal of Communication, 34(6), 619-628. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323119886152.
Benedek, I. (2024). Transforming the political public sphere: the media system of the Orbán regime in Hungary. Partecipazione e Conflitto, 17(2), 469-489. https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v17i2p469.
Benková, L. (2019). Hungary-Orbán’s Project towards “illiberal democracy”. AIES Fokus, 2, 1-4. https://www.aies.at/download/2019/AIES-Fokus-2019-02.pdf.
Bíró-Nagy, A. (2017). Illiberal democracy in Hungary: The social background and practical steps of building an illiberal state. En P. Morillas I Bassedas (coord.), Illiberal democracies in the EU: The Visegrad Group and the risk of disintegration (pp. 31-44). Monografías CIDOB. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30792-8_4.
Bocskor, Á. (2018). Anti-immigration discourses in Hungary during the ‘Crisis’ year: The Orbán government’s ‘National Consultation’ Campaign of 2015. Sociology, 52(3), 551-568. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038518762081.
Brunning, A. (18 de abril de 2017). Hungary’s “Let’s Stop Brussels” campaign: Propaganda and xenophobia masquerading as consultation. Medium. https://medium.com/@ndbrning/hungarys-let-s-stop-brussels-campaign-propaganda-and-xenophobia-masquerading-as-consultation-4b4181116c5e.
Buštíková, L. (2018). The Radical Right in Eastern Europe. En J. Rydgren (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right (pp. 565-581). Oxford Handbooks. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.28.
Clinch, M (3 de abril de 2022). Nationalist Viktor Orban declares victory in Hungary election. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/03/hungary-election-prime-minister-viktor-orban-and-fidesz-in-nationwide-vote.html.
Consejo Europeo (s/f). Cronología: el artículo 7 hasta el momento. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/es/policies/article-7-procedures/timeline-the-story-of-article-7/.
Csanyi, P., & Kucharčík, R. (2023). Central European leaders’ attitudes towards the migration and the migration crisis. J. Compar. Pol, 16, 20-37. https://www.magyc.uliege.be/upload/docs/application/pdf/2023-05/paper_3_euba-csanyi-kucharcik_v1.pdf.
Deák, A., Szabo, J., y Weiner, C. (2024). Russia's gas weapon in Central and Eastern Europe: Diverging responses from three friendly states. En M. Mišík y A. Figulová (Eds.), EU Energy and Climate Policy after COVID-19 and the Invasion of Ukraine (pp. 119-137). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781032624839-9/russia-gas-weapon-central-eastern-europe-andr%C3%A1s-de%C3%A1k-john-szabo-csaba-weiner.
Deutsche Welle. (15 de diciembre de 2023). Hungría bloquea ayuda a Ucrania por 50.000 millones de euros. https://www.dw.com/es/hungr%C3%ADa-bloquea-ayuda-a-ucrania-por-50000-millones-de-euros/a-67726955.
Düvell, F. (2011). Paths into Irregularity: The Legal and Political Construction of Irregular Migration. European Journal of Migration and Law, 13(3), 275-295. https://doi.org/10.1163/157181611X587856.
Éltető, A., y Szemlér, T. (2023). Hungary in the European Union–cooperation, peacock dance and autocracy. Comparative Southeast European Studies, 71(3), 272-299. https://doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2022-0051.
Fekete, L. (2016). Hungary: power, punishment and the ‘Christian-national idea’. Race & Class, 57(4), 39-53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396815624607.
Furedi, F. (2017). Populism and the European Culture Wars: The Conflict of Values between Hungary and the EU. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315104898.
Garding, S. E., Ratner, M., Welt, C., y Zanotti, J. (2021). TurkStream: Russia's Newest Gas Pipeline to Europe. Current Politics and Economics of Russia, Eastern and Central Europe, 36(4), 591-597.
Gárdos-Orosz, F., y Szente, Z. (2024). The role of populist NGOs in building a populist democracy in Hungary. International Journal of Law in Context, 20(3), 346-359. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744552324000259.
Gáspár, T., Sass, M., Koppány, K., y Bi, S. (2023). Foreign trade relations of Hungary with China: A global value chain perspective. Society and Economy, 45(3), 229-249. https://doi.org/10.1556/204.2023.00018.
Gawron-Tabor, K. (2016). Viktor Orban’s illiberal democracy in the indices of the quality of democracy. Kultura i Edukacja, 114(4), 46-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/kie.2016.04.03.
Glied, V., y Pap, N. (2016). The ‘Christian fortress of Hungary’–The anatomy of the migration crisis in Hungary. Yearbook of Polish European Studies, (19), 133-149. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=573984.
González Cámara, N. (2010). De indeseables a Ilegales: una aproximación a la irregularidad migratoria. Arbor, 186(744), 671-687. https://doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2010.744n1225.
Greilinger, G. (2023). Hungary’s Eastern Opening Policy as a Long-Term Political-Economic Strategy. Austria institute fur Europa–und sicheheitspolitik. AIES Fokus, 4, 1-5. https://www.aies.at/download/2023/AIES-Fokus-2023-04.pdf.
Guibernau, M. (2010). Migration and the rise of the radical right. Policy network, 1, 1-19. https://esquerraeuropea.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/migrationandradicalright.pdf.
GulácsiI, G., y Kerényi, Á. (2023). Hungary and the European Union: the drift towards disintegration. Perspectives on Federalism, 15(1-2), 1-53. https://real.mtak.hu/185600/.
Haitas, D. (2018). Aspects of Hungary-Russia Energy Relations in the Context of European Union Law. Jura: A Pecsi Tudomanyegyetem Allam-es Jogtudomanyi Karanak Tudomanyos Lapja, 368-377.
Hanebrink, P. (2024). The whiteness of ‘Christian Europe’: The case of Hungary. En Off white: Central and Eastern Europe and the Global History of Race (pp. 215-235). Manchester University Press.
Héjj, D. (2022). The Paks nuclear power plant and Hungary's attitude to the European Green Deal. En M. Ruszel y A. Witkowska (Eds.), Polish-Hungarian Cooperation for Energy Security in the context of Energy Transition and Economy Competitiveness, (pp. 68-85). Ignacy Lukasiewicz Institute for Energy Policy. https://www.instytutpe.pl/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Ebook-Polish-Hungarian-Cooperation-for-Energy-Security-in-the-context-of-Energy-Transition-and-Economy-Competitiveness1.pdf#page=69.
Hungarian Government (26 de julio de 2014). Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s Speech at
the 25th Bálványos Summer Free University and Student Camp. https://2015-
2019.kormany.hu/en/the-prime-minister/the-prime-minister-s-speeches/primeminister-
viktor-orban-s-speech-at-the-25th-balvanyos-summer-free-universityand-
student-camp.
Ilikova, L., y Tushev, A. (2020). Right-Wing Populism in Central Europe: Hungarian
Case (Fidesz, Jobbik). Utopía y praxis Latinoamericana, 25(12), 325-332.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4280161.
Ilonszki, G., y Jáger, K. (2013). Hungary: Changing government advantages–challenging
a dominant executive. En B. E. Rasch y G. Tsebelis (Eds.) The Role of
Governments in Legislative Agenda Setting (pp. 95-110). Routledge.
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203837429-
6/hungary-gabriella-ilonszki-krisztina-j%C3%A1ger.
Juhász, A., Hunyadi, B., y Zgut, E. (2015). Focus on Hungary: Refugees, Asylum and
Migration. Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung. https://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/2015-
focus-on-hungary_refugees_asylum_migration.pdf.
Kim, S. (2023). ‘Illiberal Democracy’ after Post‐Democracy: Revisiting the Case of
Hungary. The Political Quarterly, 94(3), 437-444. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-
923X.13255.
Lasonczi, M. (22 de abril de 2024). Viktor Orbán’s Speech on Illegal Immigration Goes
Viral on X. Hungarian Conservative.
https://www.hungarianconservative.com/articles/current/viktor-orban_illegalimmigration_
speech_natcon_2024_viral_x_twitter/.
Lutz, P. (2018). Variation in policy success: radical right populism and migration policy.
West European Politics, 42(3), 517–544.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2018.1504509.
Magalhães, P. C., y Garoupa, N. (2024). Populist governments, judicial independence,
and public trust in the courts. Journal of European Public Policy, 31(9), 2748-
2774. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2023.2235386.
Magyar Nemzet (15 de noviembre de 2025) Viktor Orban Beats Peter Magyar in
Popularity. https://magyarnemzet.hu/english/2025/11/viktor-orban-beats-petermagyar-
in-popularity.
Miller, N. (19 de marzo de 2019). 'The Great Replacement': an idea now at the heart of
Europe's politics. The Sydney Morning Herald.
https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/the-great-replacement-the-racist-ideanow-
at-the-heart-of-europe-s-politics-20190319-p515cc.html.
Minkenberg, M. (2017). The radical right in Eastern Europe: Democracy under siege?
Springer.
Moldicz, C. (2023). Hungary political briefing: Migration policy in Hungary. China-CEE
Institute, 67(1). https://china-cee.eu/wpcontent/
uploads/2023/12/2023p11_Hungary.pdf.
Molnár, G. (2023). Nationalism and sport intersection in Hungary: building fences,
expanding nationhood. National Identities, 25(4), 305–322.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2023.2188584.
Muis, J., & Immerzeel, T. (2017). Causes and consequences of the rise of populist radical
right parties and movements in Europe. Current Sociology, 65(6), 909-930.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392117717294.
Müller, P., Slominski, P. (2024). Hungary, the EU and Russia’s War Against Ukraine: The
Changing Dynamics of EU Foreign Policymaking. En C. Wiesner y M. Knodt
(Eds.), The War Against Ukraine and the EU. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35040-5_6.
Mundy, J. (2023). The Power of the Press: State Capture of the Media in Poland and
Hungary Since 2010. The Journal of Foreign Affairs at Carolina, 8(2), 8-17.
https://doi.org/10.17615/5pk5-a152.
Neumann, E. (2023). Education for a Christian nation: Religion and nationalism in the
Hungarian education policy discourse. European Educational Research Journal,
22(5), 646-665. https://doi.org/10.1177/14749041211072691.
Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. F. (2012). Muslim Integration into Western Cultures: Between
Origins and Destinations. Political Studies, 60(2), 228-251.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00951.x.
Oleinikova, O. (2023). New Eastern European Migration to Australia: From Czech
Republic, Hungary and Ukraine to Sydney and Beyond. Springer Nature.
Oxford Analytica. (2023). Hungary’s ties with Russia and China bring nothing new.
Expert Briefings. https://doi.org/10.1108/OXAN-ES282866.
Prokopijević, M. (2010). Euro Crisis. Panoeconomicus, 57(3), 369–384.
https://doi.org/10.2298/PAN1003369P.
Pytlas, B. (2013). Radical-right narratives in Slovakia and Hungary: historical legacies,
mythic overlaying and contemporary politics. Patterns of Prejudice, 47(2), 162–
183. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2013.786199.
Reményi, P., Glied, V., y Pap, N. (2023). Good and Bad migrants in Hungary. The populist
story and the reality in Hungarian migration policy. Social Policy Issues, 59(4),
323-344. https://doi.org/10.31971/pps/162003.
Rodrik, D. (2021). Why does globalization fuel populism? Economics, culture, and the
rise of right-wing populism. Annual Review of Economics, 13(1), 133-170.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-070220-032416.
Rohac, D. (2023). Transitions, populism, and democratic decline: Evidence from
Hungary and the Czech Republic. European Politics and Society, 24(2), 169-187.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2021.1973213.
Rubin, S. (2021). Anti-Democratic Politics in Hungary: Viktor Orbán and “Illiberal
Democracy”. Scrowcroft Institute of International Affairs, (20). 1-20.
https://bush.tamu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Suleiman-Paper-No.-20.pdf.
Sata, R. (2023). Performing crisis to create your enemy: Europe vs. the EU in Hungarian
populist discourse. Frontiers in Political Science, 5.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2023.1032470.
Scheppele, K. L., Kochenov, D. V., y Grabowska-Moroz, B. (2020). EU values are Law,
after All: Enforcing EU Values through Systemic Infringement Actions by the
European Commission and the Member States of the European Union. Yearbook
of European Law, 39, 3-121. https://doi.org/10.1093/yel/yeaa012.
Szabó, A., y Mikecz, D. (2015). After the Orbán-revolution: the awakening of civil
society in Hungary. En G. Pleyers y I. N. Sava (Eds.), Social Movements in
Central and Eastern Europe: A renewal of protests and democracy (pp. 34-43).
Editura Universității din București.
Swissinfo (28 de noviembre de 2025). Orbán le dice a Putin que la seguridad energética
de Hungría depende de suministros rusos.
https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/orb%C3%A1n-le-dice-a-putin-que-la-seguridadenerg%
C3%A9tica-de-hungr%C3%ADa-depende-de-suministrosrusos/
90546283.
Szalai, A., y Gőbl, G. (2015). Securitizing migration in contemporary Hungary. CEU
Center for EU Enlargement Studies.
https://cens.ceu.edu/sites/cens.ceu.edu/files/attachment/event/573/szalaigoblmigrationpaper.
final.pdf.
Thomázy, G. (2025). Las reformas políticas en Hungría (2010-2024): impactos en la
democracia húngara. Política y Sociedad, 62(2).
https://dx.doi.org/10.5209/poso.99152.
Timmer, A. D., y Docka-Filipek D, D. (2018). Enemies of the nation: Understanding the
Hungarian State’s relationship to humanitarian NGOs. Journal of International
and Global Studies, 9(2), 40-57. https://doi.org/10.62608/2158-0669.1401.
Toomey, M. (2018). History, nationalism and democracy: myth and narrative in Viktor
Orbán's ‘Illiberal Hungary’. New Perspectives, 26(1), 87-108.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2336825X1802600110.
Tribunal de Justicia de la UE (2025). El Tribunal de Justicia anula la Decisión de la
Comisión por la que se aprobó la ayuda de Hungría a la central nuclear Paks II
(Comunicado de Prensa n.º 116/25). https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2025-
09/cp250116es.pdf.
Tyszka, F. (2024). No Worries for Fidesz After All These Years? Domestic and
International Opposition to Governing Populists in Hungary. En A. K. Bourne
(Ed.), Democratic Defence as Normal Politics (pp. 123-146). Palgrave
Macmillan, Cham. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-60483-
6_5.
Végh, Z. (2015). Hungary’s “Eastern Opening” policy toward Russia: ties that bind?
International issues & Slovak foreign policy Affairs, 24(01-02), 47-65.
https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=298726.
Wagner, F., y Enyedi, Z. (2024). They can do it. Positive Authoritarianism in Poland and
Hungary. Frontiers in Political Science, 6.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2024.1390587.
Walter, S. (2021). The Backlash Against Globalization. Annual Review of Political
Science, 24(1), 421-442. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102405.
Wang, X. (2023). Is China's rising presence in Hungary since 2012 impacting on
Hungary's relations with the EU? Australian and New Zealand Journal of
European Studies, 15(1), 47-63.
https://doi.org/10.30722/anzjes.vol15.iss1.17365.
Zakaria, F. (1997). The rise of illiberal democracy. Foreign Affairs, 76 (6), 22-43.
https://msuweb.montclair.edu/~lebelp/fzakariailliberaldemocracy1997.pdf.
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.

